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How do tumours develop a capsule?

Neoplastic cells secrete fibroblast growth factors and activate resident fibroblasts

Pressure from the growing neoplasm produces hypoxic damage and activates resident fibroblasts

The immune system signals fibroblasts to wall off a tumour which cannot be destroyed

Regulatory T-cells and M2 macrophages stimulate fibroblasts to produce ECM via Il-10 and TGF-β

RC 10th Ed. p273